WebAuthn is a way to authenticate on the Web based on asymmetric cryptography. At a high level, it's intended to be used with hardware authenticators on the client, which hold the private key for an account and authenticate the client in their own way before proceeding with the log-in process.
Extension:WebAuthn, an extension used by Wikimedia, implements this in MediaWiki as an optional 2FA option, alongside the currently-used TOTP.